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“You could get a journalist cheaper than a good call girl, for a couple hundred dollars a month.” - CIA operative discussing with Philip Graham, editor Washington Post, on the availability and prices of journalists willing to peddle CIA propaganda and cover stories. “Katherine The Great,” by Deborah Davis (New York: Sheridan Square Press, 1991)
As terrible as it is to live in a nation where the press in known to be controlled by the government, at least one has the advantage of knowing the bias is present, and to adjust for it. In the United States of America, we are taught from birth that our press is free from such government meddling. This is an insideous lie about the very nature of the news institution in this country. One that allows the government to lie to us while denying the very fact of the lie itself.

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The Alex Constantine Article
Tales from the Crypt
The Depraved Spies and Moguls
of the CIA’s Operation MOCKINGBIRD

by Alex Constantine

?? Who Controls the Media?
??
?? Soulless corporations do, of course. Corporations with grinning,
?? double-breasted executives, interlocking directorates, labor squabbles
?? and flying capital. Dow. General Electric. Coca-Cola. Disney.
?? Newspapers should have mastheads that mirror the world: The
?? Westinghouse Evening Scimitar, The Atlantic-Richfield Intelligentser .
?? It is beginning to dawn on a growing number of armchair ombudsmen that
?? the public print reports news from a parallel universe - one that has
?? never heard of politically-motivated assassinations, CIA-Mafia banking
?? thefts, mind control, death squads or even federal agencies with
?? secret budgets fattened by cocaine sales - a place overrun by lone
?? gunmen, where the CIA and Mafia are usually on their best behavior. In
?? this idyllic land, the most serious infraction an official can commit
?? __is a the employment of a domestic servant with (shudder) no
?? residency status.
??
?? This unlikely land of enchantment is the creation of MOCKINGBIRD.
??
?? It was conceived in the late 1940s, the most frigid period of the cold
?? war, when the CIA began a systematic infiltration of the corporate
?? media, a process that often included direct takeover of major news
?? outlets.
??
?? In this period, the American intelligence services competed with
?? communist activists abroad to influence European labor unions. With or
?? without the cooperation of local governments, Frank Wisner, an
?? undercover State Department official assigned to the Foreign Service,
?? rounded up students abroad to enter the cold war underground of covert
?? operations on behalf of his Office of Policy Coordination. Philip
?? Graham, __a graduate of the Army Intelligence School in Harrisburg,
?? PA, then publisher of the Washington Post., was taken under Wisner’s
?? wing to direct the program code-named Operation MOCKINGBIRD.
??
?? “By the early 1950s,” writes formerVillage Voice reporter Deborah
?? Davis in Katharine the Great, “Wisner ‘owned’ respected members of the
?? New York Times, Newsweek, CBS and other communications vehicles, plus
?? stringers, four to six hundred in all, according to a former CIA
?? analyst.” The network was overseen by Allen Dulles, a templar for
?? German and American corporations who wanted their points of view
?? represented in the public print. Early MOCKINGBIRD influenced 25
?? newspapers and wire agencies consenting to act as organs of CIA
?? propaganda. Many of these were already run by men with reactionary
?? views, among them William Paley (CBS), C.D. Jackson (Fortune), Henry
?? Luce (Time) and Arthur Hays Sulzberger (N.Y. Times).
??
?? Activists curious about the workings of MOCKINGBIRD have since been
?? appalled to f__ind in FOIA documents that agents boasting in CIA
?? office memos of their pride in having placed “important assets” inside
?? every major news publication in the country. It was not until 1982
?? that the Agency openly admitted that reporters on the CIA payroll have
?? acted as case officers to agents in the field.
??
?? “World War III has begun,” Henry’s Luce’s Life declared in March,
?? 1947. “It is in the opening skirmish stage already.” The issue
?? featured an excerpt of a book by James Burnham, who called for the
?? creation of an “American Empire,” “world-dominating in political
?? power, set up at least in part through coercion (probably including
?? war, but certainly the threat of war) and in which one group of people
?? … would hold more than its equal share of power.”
??
?? George Seldes, the famed anti-fascist media critic, drew down on Luce
?? in 1947, explaining tha__t “although avoiding typical Hitlerian
?? phrases, the same doctrine of a superior people taking over the world
?? and ruling it, began to appear in the press, whereas the organs of
?? Wall Street were much more honest in favoring a doctrine inevitably
?? leading to war if it brought greater commercial markets under the
?? American flag.”
??
?? On the domestic front, an abiding relationship was struck between the
?? CIA and William Paley, a wartime colonel and the founder of CBS. A
?? firm believer in “all forms of propaganda” to foster loyalty to the
?? Pentagon, Paley hired CIA agents to work undercover at the behest of
?? his close friend, the busy grey eminence of the nation’s media, Allen
?? Dulles. Paley’s designated go-between in his dealings with the CIA was
?? Sig Mickelson, president of CBS News from 1954 to 1961.
??
?? The CIA’s assimilation of old guard fascists was overseen by the
?? Operations Coordination Board, directed by C.D. Jackson, formerly an
?? executive of Time magazine and Eisenhower’s Special Assistant for Cold
?? War Strategy. In 1954 he was succeeded by Nelson Rockefeller, who quit
?? a year later, disgusted at the administration’s political infighting.
?? Vice President Nixon succeeded Rockefeller as the key cold war
?? strategist.
??
?? “Nixon,” writes John Loftus, a former attorney for the Justice
?? Department’s Office of Special Investigations, took “a small boy’s
?? delight in the arcane tools of the intelligence craft - the hidden
?? microphones, the ‘black’ propaganda.” Nixon especially enjoyed his
?? visit to a Virginia training camp to observe Nazis in the “special
?? forces” drilling at covert operations.
??
?? One of the fugitives recruited by the American intelligence
?? underground was heroin smuggler Hubert von Bl?cher, the son of A
?? German ambassador. Hubert often bragged that that he was trained by
?? the Abwehr, the German military intelligence division, while still a
?? civilian in his twenties. He served in a recon unit of the German Army
?? until forced out for medical reasons in 1944, according to his wartime
?? records. He worked briefly as an assistant director for Berlin-Film on
?? a movie entitled One Day …, and finished out the war flying with the
?? Luftwaffe, but not to engage the enemy - his mission was the smuggling
?? of Nazi loot out of the country. His exploits were, in part, the
?? subject of Sayer and Botting’s Nazi Gold, an account of the knockover
?? of the Reichsbank at the end of the war.
??
?? In 1948 he flew the coop to Argentina. Posing as a photographer named
?? Huberto von Bleucher Corell, he immediately paid court to Eva Peron,
?? presenting her with an invaluable Gobelin tapestry (a selection from
?? the wealth of artifacts confiscated by the SS from Europe’s Jews?).
?? Hubert then met with Martin Bormann at the Hotel Plaza to deliver
?? German marks worth $80 million. The loot financed the birth of the
?? National Socialist Party in Argentina, among other forms of Nazi
?? revival.
??
?? In 1951, Hubert migrated northward and took a job at the Color
?? Corporation of America in Hollywood. He eked out a living writing
?? scripts for the booming movie industry. His voice can be heard on a
?? film set in the Amazon, produced by Walt Disney. Nine years later he
?? returned to Buenos Aires, then D?sseldorf, West Germany, and
?? established a firm that developed not movie scripts, but anti-chemical
?? warfare agents for the government. At the Industrie Club in D?sseldorf
?? in 1982, von Bl?cher boasted to journalists, “I am chief shareholder
?? of Pan American Airways. I am the best friend of Howard Hughes. The
?? Beach Hotel in Las Vegas is 45 percent financed by me. I am thus the
?? biggest financier ever to appear in the Arabian Nights tales dreamed
?? up by these people over their second bottle of brandy.”
??
?? Not really. Two the biggest financiers to stumble from the drunken
?? dreams of world-moving affluence were, in their time, Moses Annenberg,
?? publisher of The Philadelphia Inquirer, and his son Walter , the
?? CIA/mob-anchored publisher of the TV Guide.? Like most American
?? high-rollers, Annenberg lived a double life. Moses, his father, was a
?? scion of the Capone mob. Both Moses and Walter were indicted in 1939
?? for tax evasions totalling many millions of dollars - the biggest case
?? in the history of the Justice Department. Moses pled guilty and agreed
?? to pay the government $8 million and settle $9 million in assorted tax
?? claims, penalties and interest debts. Moses received a three-year
?? sentence. He died in Lewisburg Penitentiary.
??
?? Walter Annenbeg, the TV Guide magnate, was a lofty Republican. On the
?? campaign trail in April, 1988, George Bush flew into Los Angeles to
?? woo Reagan’s kitchen cabinet. “This is the topping on the cake,”
?? Bush’s regional campaign director told the Los Angeles Times. The Bush
?? team met at Annenberg’s plush Rancho Mirage estate at Sunnylands,
?? California. It was at the Annenberg mansion that Nixon’s cabinet was
?? chosen, and the state’s social and contributor registers built over a
?? quarter-century of state political dominance by Ronald Reagan, whose
?? acting career was launched by Operation MOCKINGBIRD.
??
?? The commercialization of television, coinciding with Reagan’s
?? recruitment by the Crusade for Freedom, a CIA front, presented the
?? intelligence world with unprecedented potential for sowing propaganda
?? and even prying in the age of Big Brother. George Orwell glimpsed the
?? possibilities when he installed omniscient video surveillance
?? technology in 1948, a novel rechristened 1984 for the first edition
?? published in the U.S. by Harcourt, Brace. Operation Octopus, according
?? to federal files, was in full swing by 1948, a surveillance program
?? that turned any television set with tubes into a broadcast
?? transmitter. Agents of Octopus could pick up audio and visual images
?? with the equipment as far as 25 miles away.
??
?? Hale Boggs was investigating Operation Octopus at the time of his
?? disappearance in the midst of the Watergate probe.
??
?? In 1952, at MCA, Actors’ Guild president Ronald Reagan - a screen idol
?? recruited by MOCKINGBIRD’s Crusade for Freedom to raise funds for the
?? resettlement of Nazis in the U.S., according to Loftus - signed a
?? secret waiver of the conflict-of-interest rule with the mob-controlled
?? studio, in effect granting it a labor monopoly on early television
?? programming. In exchange, MCA made Reagan a part owner. Furthermore,
?? historian C. Vann Woodward, writing in the New York Times, in 1987,
?? reported that Reagan had “fed the names of suspect people in his
?? organization to the FBI secretly and regularly enough to be assigned
?? ‘an informer’s code number, T-10.’ His FBI file indicates intense
?? collaboration with producers to ‘purge’ the industry of subversives.”
??
?? No one ever turned a suspicious eye on Walter Cronkite, a former
?? intelligence officer and in the immediate postwar period UPI’s Moscow
?? correspondent. Cronkite was lured to CBS by Operation MOCKINGBIRD’s
?? Phil Graham, according to Deborah Davis.
??
?? Another television conglomerate, Cap Cities, rose like a horror-film
?? simian from CIA and Mafia heroin operations. Among other
?? organized-crime Republicans, Thomas Dewey and his neighbor Lowell
?? Thomas threw in to launch the infamous Resorts International, the
?? corporate front for Lansky’s branch of the federally-sponsored mob
?? family and the corporate precursor to Cap Cities. Another of the
?? investors was James Crosby, a Cap Cities executive who donated
?? $100,000 to Nixon’s 1968 presidential campaign. This was the year that
?? Resorts bought into Atlantic City casino interests. Police in New
?? jersey attempted, with no success, to spike the issuance of a gambling
?? license to the company, citing Mafia ties.
??
?? In 1954, this same circle of investors, all Catholics, founded the
?? broadcasting company notorious for overt propagandizing and general
?? spookiness. The company’s chief counsel was OSS veteran William Casey,
?? who clung to his shares by concealing them in a blind trust even after
?? he was appointed CIA director by Ronald Reagan in 1981.
??
?? “Black radio” was the phrase CIA critic David Wise coined in The
?? Invisible Government to describe the agency’s intertwining interests
?? in the emergence of the transistor radio with the entrepreneurs who
?? took to the airwaves. “Daily, East and West beam hundreds of
?? propaganda broadcasts at each other in an unrelenting babble of
?? competition for the minds of their listeners. The low-price transistor
?? has given the hidden war a new importance,” enthused one foreign
?? correspondent.
??
?? A Hydra of private foundations sprang up to finance the propaganda
?? push. One of them, Operations and Policy Research, Inc. (OPR),
?? received hundreds of thousands of dollars from the CIA through private
?? foundations and trusts. OPR research was the basis of a television
?? series that aired in New York and Washington, D.C. in 1964, Of People
?? and Politics, a “study” of the American political system in 21 weekly
?? installments.
??
?? In Hollywood, the visual cortex of The Beast, the same CIA/Mafia
?? combination that formed Cap Cities sank its claws into the film
?? studios and labor unions. Johnny Rosselli was pulled out of the Army
?? during the war by a criminal investigation of Chicago mobsters in the
?? film industry. Rosselli, a CIA asset probably assassinated by the CIA,
?? played sidekick to Harry Cohn, the Columbia Pictures mogul who visited
?? Italy’s Benito Mussolini in 1933, and upon his return to Hollywood
?? remodeled his office after the dictator’s. The only honest job
?? Rosselli ever had was assistant purchasing agent (and a secret
?? investor) at Eagle Lion productions, run by Bryan Foy, a former
?? producer for 20th Century Fox. Rosselli, Capone’s representative on
?? the West Coast, passed a small fortune in mafia investments to Cohn.
?? Bugsy Seigel pooled gambling investments with Billy Wilkerson,
?? publisher of the Hollywood Reporter.
??
?? In the 1950s, outlays for global propaganda climbed to a full third of
?? the CIA’s covert operations budget. Some 3, 000 salaried and contract
?? CIA employees were eventually engaged in propaganda efforts. The cost
?? of disinforming the world cost American taxpayers an estimated $265
?? million a year by 1978, a budget larger than the combined expenditures
?? of Reuters, UPI and the AP news syndicates.
??
?? In 1977, the Copely News Service admitted that it worked closely with
?? the intelligence services - in fact, 23 employees were full-time
?? employees of the Agency.
??
?? Most consumers of the corporate media were - and are - unaware of the
?? effect that the salting of public opinion has on their own beliefs. A
?? network anchorman in time of national crisis is an instrument of
?? psychological warfare in the MOCKINGBIRD media. He is a creature from
?? the national security sector’s chamber of horrors. For this reason
?? consumers of the corporate press have reason to examine their basic
?? beliefs about government and life in the parallel universe of these
?? United States.

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How the Washington Post Censors the News
[Note the highlighted paragraph]

How the Washington Post Censors the News

A Letter to the Washington Post
by Julian C. Holmes

April 25, 1992
Richard Harwood, Ombudsman
The Washington Post
1150 15th Street NW
Washington, DC 20071

Dear Mr. Harwood,

Though the Washington Post does not over-extend itself in the pursuit
of hard news, just let drop the faintest rumor of a government
“conspiracy”, and a klaxon horn goes off in the news room. Aroused
from apathy in the daily routine of reporting assignations and various
other political and social sports events, editors and reporters
scramble to the phones. The klaxon screams its warning: the greatest
single threat to herd-journalism, corporate profits, and government
stability — the dreaded “CONSPIRACY THEORY”!!

It is not known whether anyone has actually been hassled or accosted
by any of these frightful spectres, but their presence is announced to
Post readers with a salvo of warnings to avoid the tricky, sticky webs
spun by the wacko “CONSPIRACY THEORISTS”.

Recall how the Post saved us from the truth about Iran-Contra.

Professional conspiracy exorcist Mark Hosenball was hired to ridicule
the idea that Oliver North and his CIA-associated gangsters had
conspired to do wrong (*1). And when, in their syndicated column, Jack
Anderson and Dale Van Atta discussed some of the conspirators, the
Post sprang to protect its readers, and the conspirators, by censoring
the Anderson column before printing it (*2).

But for some time the lid had been coming off the Iran-Contra
conspiracy. In 1986, the Christic Institute, an interfaith center for
law and public policy, had filed a lawsuit alleging a U.S.
arms-for-drugs trade that helped keep weapons flowing to the
CIA-Contra army in Nicaragua, and cocaine flowing to U.S. markets
(*3). In 1988 Leslie Cockburn published Out of Control, a seminal work
on our bizarre, illegal war against Nicaragua (*4). The Post
contributed to this discovery process by disparaging the charges of
conspiracy and by publishing false information about the
drug-smuggling evidence presented to the House Subcommittee on
Narcotics Abuse and Control. When accused by Committee Chairman
Charles Rangel (D-NY). of misleading reporting, the Post printed only
a partial correction and declined to print a letter of complaint from
Rangel (*5).

Sworn testimony before Senator John Kerry’s Subcommittee on Terrorism,
Narcotics, and International Operations confirmed U.S. Government
complicity in the drug trade (*6). With its coverup of the arms/drug
conspiracy evaporating, the ever-accommodating Post shifted gears and
retained Hosenball to exorcise from our minds a newly emerging threat
to domestic tranquility, the “October Surprise” conspiracy (*7). But
close on the heels of Hosenball and the Post came Barbara Honegger and
then Gary Sick who authored independently, two years apart, books with
the same title, “October Surprise” (*8). Honegger was a member of the
Reagan/Bush campaign and transition teams in 1980. Gary Sick,
professor of Middle East Politics at Columbia University, was on the
staff of the National Security Council under Presidents Ford, Carter,
and Reagan. In 1989 and 1991 respectively, Honegger and Sick published
their evidence of how the Republicans made a deal to supply arms to
Iran if Iran would delay release of the 52 United States hostages
until after the November 1980 election. The purpose of this deal was
to quash the possibility of a pre-election release(an October
surprise). which would have bolstered the reelection prospects for
President Carter.

Others published details of this alleged Reagan-Bush conspiracy. In
October 1988, Playboy Magazine ran an expose “An Election Held
Hostage”; FRONTLINE did another in April 1991 (*9). In June, 1991 a
conference of distinguished journalists, joined by 8 of the former
hostages, challenged the Congress to “make a full, impartial
investigation” of the election/hostage allegations. The Post reported
the statement of the hostages, but not a word of the conference itself
which was held in the Dirksen Senate Office Building Auditorium (*10).
On February 5, 1992 a gun-shy, uninspired House of Representatives
begrudgingly authorized an “October Surprise” investigation by a task
force of 13 congressmen headed by Lee Hamilton (D-IN). who had chaired
the House of Representatives Iran-Contra Committee. Hamilton has named
as chief team counsel Larry Barcella, a lawyer who represented BCCI
when the Bank was indicted in 1988 (*11).

Like the Washington Post, Hamilton had not shown interest in pursuing
the U.S. arms-for-drugs operation (*12). He had accepted Oliver
North’s lies,and as Chairman of the House Intelligence Committee he
derailed House Resolution 485 which had asked President Reagan to
answer questions about Contra support activities of government
officials and others (*13). After CIA operative John

Hull (from Hamilton’s home state). was charged in Costa Rica with
“international drug trafficking and hostile acts against the nation’s
security”, Hamilton and 18 fellow members of Congress tried to
intimidate Costa Rican President Oscar Arias Sanchez into handling
Hull’s case “in a manner that will not complicate U.S.-Costa Rican
relations” (*14). The Post did not report the Hamilton letter or the
Costa Rican response that declared Hull’s case to be “in as good hands
as our 100 year old uninterrupted democracy can provide to all
citizens” (*15).

Though the Post does its best to guide our thinking away from conspiracy
theories, it is difficult to avoid the fact that so much wrongdoing involves
government or corporate conspiracies:

In its COINTELPRO operation, the FBI used disinformation, forgery,
surveillance, false arrests, and violence to illegally harass
U.S.citizens in the 60’s (*16).

The CIA’s Operation MONGOOSE illegally sabotaged Cuba by “destroying
crops, brutalizing citizens, destabilizing the society, and
conspiring with the Mafia to assassinate Fidel Castro and other
leaders” (*17).

“Standard Oil of New Jersey was found by the Antitrust Division of
the Department of Justice to be conspiring with I.G.Farben…of
Germany. …By its cartel agreements with Standard Oil, the
United States was effectively prevented from developing or
producing [fo rWorld War-II] any substantial amount of
synthetic rubber,” said Senator Robert LaFollette of Wisconsin
(*18).

U.S. Government agencies knowingly withheld information about
dosages of radiation “almost certain to produce thyroid
abnormalities or cancer” that contaminated people residing near
the nuclear weapons factory at Hanford, Washington (*19).

Various branches of Government deliberately drag their feet in
getting around to cleaning up the Nation’s dangerous nuclear
weapons sites (*20). State and local governments back the
nuclear industry’s secret public relations strategy (*21).

“The National Cancer Institute, the American Cancer Society and some
twenty comprehensive cancer centers, have misled and confused
the public and Congress by repeated claims that we are winning
the war against cancer. In fact, the cancer establishment has
continually minimized the evidence for increasing cancer rates
which it has largely attributed to smoking and dietary fat,
while discounting or ignoring the causal role of avoidable
eposures to industrial carcinogens in the air, food, water, and
the workplace.” (*22).

The Bush Administration coverup of its pre-Gulf-War support of Iraq
“is yet another example of the President’s people conspiring to
keep both Congress and the American people in the dark” (*23).

If you think about it, conspiracy is a fundamental aspect of
doing business in this country.

Take the systematic and cooperative censorship of the Persian Gulf
War by the Pentagon and much of the news media (*24).

Or the widespread plans of business and government groups to spend
$100 million in taxes to promote a distorted and truncated
history of Columbus in America (*25). along the lines of the
Smithsonian Institution’s “fusion of the two worlds”, (*26).
rather than examining more realistic aspects of the Spanish
invasion, like “anger, cruelty, gold, terror, and death” (*27).

Or circumstances surrounding the U.S. Justice Department theft from
the INSLAW company of sophisticated, law-enforcement computer
software which “now point to a widespread conspiracy
implicating lesser Government officials in the theft of
INSLAW’s technology”, says former U.S. Attorney General Elliot
Richardson (*28).

Or Watergate.

Or the “largest bank fraud in world financial history” (*29), where
the White House knew of the criminal activities at “the Bank of
Crooks and Criminals International” (BCCI) (*30), where U.S.
intelligence agencies did their secret banking (*31), and where
bribery of prominent American public officials “was a way of
doing business” (*32).

Or the 1949 conviction of “GM [General Motors], Standard Oil of
California, Firestone, and E. Roy Fitzgerald, among others, for
criminally conspiring to replace electric transportation with
gas- and diesel-powered buses and to monopolize the sale of
buses and related products to transportation companies
throughout the country” [in, among others, the cities of New
York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, St. Louis, Oakland, Salt Lake
City, and Los Angeles] (*33).

Or the collusion in 1973 between Senator Abraham Ribicoff (D-CT).
and the U.S. Department of Transportation to overlook safety
defects in the 1.2 million Corvair automobiles manufactured by
General Motors in the early 60’s (*34).

Or the A. H. Robins Company, which manufactured the Dalkon Shield
intrauterine contraceptive, and which ignored repeated warnings
of the Shield’s hazards and which “stonewalled, deceived,
covered up, and

covered up the coverups…[thus inflicting] on women a
worldwide epidemic of pelvic infections.” (*35).

Or that cooperation between McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Company and
the FAA resulted in failure to enforce regulations regarding
the unsafe DC-10 cargo door which failed in flight killing all
364 passengers on Turkish Airlines Flight 981 on March 3, 1974
(*36).

Or the now-banned, cancer-producing pregnancy drug
Diethylstilbestrol (DES). that was sold by manufacturers who
ignored tests which showed DES to be carcinogenic; and who
acted “in concert with each other in the testing and marketing
of DES for miscarriage purposes” (*37).

Or the conspiracies among bankers and speculators, with the
cooperation of a corrupted Congress, to relieve depositors of
their savings. This “arrogant disregard from the White House,
Congress and corporate world for the interests and rights of
the American people” will cost U.S. tapayers many hundreds of
billions of dollars (*38).

Or the Westinghouse, Allis Chalmers,Federal Pacific, and General
Electric executives who met surreptitiously in hotel rooms to
fix prices and eliminate competition on heavy industrial
equipment (*39).

Or the convictions of Industrial Biotest Laboratories (IBT).
officers for fabricating safety tests on prescription drugs
(*40).

Or the conspiracy by the asbestos industry to suppress knowledge of
medical problemsrelating to asbestos (*41).

Or the 1928 Achnacarry Agreement through which oil companies “agreed
not to engage in any effective price competition” (*42).

Or the conspiracy among U.S. Government agencies and the Congress to
cover up the nature of our decades-old war against the people
of Nicaragua

a covert war that continues in 1992 with the U.S. Government
applying pressure for the Nicaraguan police to reorganize into
a more repressive force (*43).

Or the conspiracy by the CIA and the U.S. Government to interfere in
the Chilean election process with military aid, covert actions,
and an economic boycott which culminated in the overthrow of
the legitimately elected government and the assassination of
President Salvador Allende in 1973 (*44).

Or the conspiracy among U.S. officials including Secretary of State
Henry Kissinger and CIA Director William Colby to finance
terrorism in Angola for the purpose of disrupting Angola’s
plans for peaceful elections in October 1975, and to lie about
these actions to the Congress and the news media (*45). And CIA
Director George Bush’s subsequent cover up of this
U.S.-sponsored terrorism (*46).

Or President George Bush’s consorting with the Pentagon to invade
Panama in 1989 and thereby violate the Constitution of the
United States, the U.N. Charter, the O.A.S. Charter, and the
Panama Canal Treaties (*47).

Or the “gross antitrust violations” (*48) and the conspiracy of
American oil companies and the British and U.S. governments to
strangle Iran economically after Iran nationalized the
British-owned Anglo-Iranian Oil Company in 1951. And the
subsequent overthrow by the CIA in 1953 of Iranian Prime
Minister Muhammed Mossadegh (*49).

Or the CIA-planned assassination of Congo head-of-state Patrice
Lumumba (*50).

Or the deliberate and wilful efforts of President George Bush,
Senator Robert Dole, Senator George Mitchell, various U.S.
Government agencies, and members of both Houses of the Congress
to buy the 1990 Nicaraguan national elections for the
presidential candidate supported by President Bush (*51).

Or the collective approval by 64 U.S. Senators of Robert Gates to
head the CIA, in the face of “unmistakable evidence that Gates
lied about his role in the Iran-Contra scandal” (*52).

Or “How Reagan and the Pope Conspired to Assist Poland’s Solidarity
Movement and Hasten the Demise of Communism” (*53).

Or how the Reagan Administration connived with the Vatican to ban
the use of USAID funds by any country “for the promotion of
birth control or abortion” (*54).

Or “the way the Vatican and Washington colluded to achieve common
purpose in Central America” (*55).

Or the collaboration of Guatemalan strong-man and mass murderer
Hector Gramajo with the U.S. Army to design “programs to build
civilian-military cooperation” at the U.S. Army School of the
Americas (SOA) at Fort Benning, Georgia; five of the nine
soldiers accused in the 1989 Jesuit massacre in El Salvador are
graduates of SOA which trains Latin/American military personnel
(*56).

Or the conspiracy of the Comanche Peak Nuclear Plant administration
to harass and cause bodily harm to whistleblower Linda Porter
who uncovered dangerous working conditions at the facility
(*57).

Or the conspiracy of President Richard Nxion and the Government of
South Vietnam to delay the Paris Peace Talks until after the
1968 U.S. presidential election (*58).

Or the pandemic coverups of police violence (*59).

Or the always safe-to-cite worldwide communist conspiracy (*60).

Or maybe the socially responsible, secret consortium to publish The
Satanic Verses in paperback (*61).

Conspiracies are obviously a way to get things done, and the Washington Post
offers little comment unless conspiracy theorizing threatens to expose a
really important conspiracy that, let’s say, benefits big business or big
government.

Such a conspiracy would be like our benevolent CIA’s 1953 overthrow of
the Iranian government to help out U.S. oil companies; or like our
illegal war against Panama to tighten U.S. control over Panama and the
Canal; or like monopoly control of broadcasting that facilitates
corporate censorship on issues of public importance (*62). When the
camouflage of such conspiracies is stripped away, public confidence in
the conspiring officials can erode — depending on how seriously the
citizenry perceives the conspiracy to have violated the public trust.
Erosion of public trust in the status quo is what the Post seems to
see as a real threat to its corporate security.

Currently, the Post has mounted vituperative, frenzied attacks on
Oliver Stone’s movie “JFK”, which reexamines the U.S. Government’s
official (Warren Commission. finding that a single gunman, acting
alone, killed President John F. Kennedy. The movie also is the story
of New Orleans District Attorney Jim Garrison’s unsuccessful
prosecution of Clay Shaw, the only person ever tried in connection
with the assassination. And the movie proposes that the Kennedy
assassination was the work of conspirators whose interests would not
be served by a president who, had he lived, might have disengaged us
from our war against Vietnam.

The Post ridicules a reexamination of the Kennedy assassination along
lines suggested by “JFK”. Senior Post journalists like Charles
Krauthammer, Ken Ringle, George Will, Phil McCombs, and Michael
Isikoff, have been called up to man the bulwarks against public
sentiment which has never supported the government’s
non-conspiratorial assassination thesis. In spite of the facts that
the Senate Intelligence Committee of 1975 and 1976 found that “both
the FBI and CIA had repeatedly lied to the Warren Commission” (*63)
and that the 1979 Report of the House Select Committee on
Assassinations found that President Kennedy was probably killed “as a
result of a conspiracy” (*64), a truly astounding number of Post
stories have been used as vehicles to discredit “JFK” as just another
conspiracy (*65).

Some of the more vicious attacks on the movie are by editor Stephen
Rosenfeld, and journalists Richard Cohen, George Will, and George
Lardner Jr (*66). They ridicule the idea that Kennedy could have had
second thoughts about escalating the Vietnam War and declaim that
there is no historical justification for this idea. Seasoned
journalist Peter Dale Scott, former Pentagon/CIA liaison chief L.
Fletcher Prouty, and investigators David Scheim and John Newman have
each authored defense of the “JFK” thesis that Kennedy was not
enthusiastic about staying in Vietnam (*67). But the Post team just
continues ranting against the possibility of a high-level
assassination conspiracy while offering little justification for its
arguments.

An example of particularly shabby scholarship and unacceptable
behavior is George Lardner Jr’s contribution to the Post’s campaign
against the movie. Lardner wrote three articles, two before the movie
was completed, and the third upon its release. In May, six months
before the movie came out, Lardner obtained a copy of the first draft
of the script and, contrary to accepted standards, revealed in the
Post the contents of this copyrighted movie (*68). Also in this
article, (*69). Lardner discredits Jim Garrison with hostile
statements from a former Garrison associate Pershing Gervais. Lardner
does not tell the reader that subsequent to the Clay Shaw trial, in a
U.S. Government criminal action brought against Garrison, Government
witness Gervais, who helped set up Garrison for prosecution, admitted
under oath that in a May 1972 interview with a New Orleans television
reporter, he, Gervais, had said that the U.S. Government’s case
against Garrison was a fraud (*70). The Post’s 1973 account of the
Garrison acquittal mentions this controversy, but when I recently
asked Lardner about this, he was not clear as to whether he remembered
it (*71).

Two weeks after his first “JFK” article, Lardner blustered his way
through a justification for his unauthorized possession of the early
draft ofthe movie (*72). He also defended his reference to Pershing
Gervais by lashing out at Garrison as a writer “of gothic fiction”.

When the movie was released in December, Lardner “reviewed” it (*73).
He again ridiculed the film’s thesis that following the Kennedy
assassination, President Johnson reversed Kennedy’s plans to
de-escalate the Vietnam War. Lardner cited a memorandum issued by
Johnson four days after Kennedy died. Lardner says this memorandum was
written before the assassination, and that it “was a continuation of
Kennedy’s policy”. In fact, the memorandum was drafted the day before
the assassination by McGeorge Bundy (Kennedy’s Assistant for National
Security Affairs) Kennedy was in Texas, and may never have seen it.
Following the assassination, it was rewritten; and the final version
provided for escalating the war against Vietnam (*74) — facts that
Lardner avoided.

The Post’s crusade against exposing conspiracies is blatantly dishonest:

The Warren Commission inquiry into the Kennedy Assassination was for
the most part conducted in secret. This fact is buried in the Post
(*75). Nor do current readers of this newspaper find meaningful
discussion of the Warren Commission’s secret doubts about both the FBI
and the CIA (*76). Or of a dispatch from CIA headquarters instructing
co-conspirators at field stations to counteract the “new wave of books
and articles criticizing the [Warren] Commission’s findings…[and]
conspiracy theories …[that] have frequently thrown suspicion on our
organization” and to “discuss the publicity problem with liaison and
friendly elite contacts, especially politicians and editors “and to
“employ propaganda assets to answer and refute the attacks of the
critics. …Book reviews and feature articles are particularly
appropriate for this purpose. …The aim of this dispatch is to
provide material for countering and discrediting the claims of the
conspiracy theorists…” (*77).

In 1979, Washington journalist Deborah Davis published Katharine The Great,
the story of Post publisher Katharine Graham and her newspaper’s close ties
with Washington’s powerful elite, a number of whom were with the CIA.

Particularly irksome to Post editor Benjamin Bradlee was a Davis claim
that Bradlee had “produced CIA material” (*78). Understandably
sensitive about this kind of publicity, Bradlee told Davis’ publisher
Harcourt Brace Jovanovich ,”Miss Davis is lying …I never produced
CIA material …what I can do is to brand Miss Davis as a fool and to
put your company in that special little group of publishers who don’t
give a shit for the truth”. The Post bullied HBJ into recalling the
book; HBJ shredded 20,000 copies; Davis sued HBJ for breach of
contract and damage to reputation; HBJ settled out of court; and Davis
published her book elsewhere with an appendix that demonstrated
Bradlee to have been deeply involved with producing cold-war/CIA
propaganda (*79). Bradlee still says the allegations about his
association with people in the CIA are false, but he has apparently
taken no action to contest the xetensive documentation presented by
Deborah Davis in the second and third editions of her book (*80).

And it’s not as if the Post were new to conspiracy work.

Former Washington Post publisher Philip Graham “believing that the function of the press was more often than not to mobilize consent for the policies of the government, was one of the architects of what became a widespread practice: the use and manipulation of journalists by the CIA” (*81). This scandal was known by its code name Operation MOCKINGBIRD. Former Washington Post reporter Carl Bernstein cites a former CIA deputy director as saying, “It was widely known that Phil Graham was someone you could get help from” (*82). More recently the Post provided cover for CIA personality Joseph Fernandez by “refusing to print his name for over a year up until the day his indictment was announced …for crimes committed in his official capacity as CIA station chief in Costa Rica” (*83).

Of the meetings between Graham and his CIA acquaintances at which the
availability and prices of journalists were discussed, a former CIA
man recalls, “You could get a journalist cheaper than a good call
girl, for a couple hundred dollars a month” (*84). One may wish to
consider Philip Graham’s philosophy along with a more recent statement
from his wife Katharine Graham, current Chairman of the Board of the
Washington Post. In a lecture on terrorism and the news media, Mrs.
Graham said: “A second challenge facing the media is how to prevent
terrorists from using the media as a platform fortheir views. … The
point is that we generally know when we are being manipulated, and
we’ve learned better how and where to draw the line, though the
decisions are often difficult” (*85).

Today, the Post and its world of big business are apparently terrified
that our elite and our high-level public officials may be exposed as
conspirators behind Contra drug-smuggling, October Surprise, or the
assassination of President Kennedy. This fear is truly remarkable in
that, like most of us and like most institutions, the Post runs its
business as a conspiracy of like-minded entrepreneurs — a conspiracy
“to act or work together toward the same result or goal” (*86). But
where the Post really parts company from just plain people is when it
pretends that conspiracies associated with big business or government
are “coincidence”. Post reporter Lardner vents the frustration
inherent in having to maintain this dichotomy. He lashes out at Oliver
Stone and suggests that Stone may actually believe that the Post’s
opposition to Stone’s movie is a “conspiracy”. Lardner assures us that
Stone’s complaints are “groundless and paranoid and smack of
McCarthyism” (*87).

So how does the Post justify devoting so much energy to ridiculing those who
investigate conspiracies?

The Post has answers: people revert to conspiracy theories because
they need something “neat and tidy” (*88) that “plugs a gap no other
generally accepted theory fills’, (*89. and “coincidence …is always
the safest and most likely explanation for any conjunction of curious
circumstances …” (*90).

And what does this response mean? It means that “coincidence theory”
is what the Post espouses when it would prefer not to admit to a
conspiracy. In other words, some things just “happen”. And, besides,
conspiracy to do certain things would be a crime; “coincidence” is a
safer bet.

Post Ombudsman Richard Harwood, who, it is rumored, serves as
Executive Director of the Benevolent Protective Order of Coincidence
Theorists, (*91) recently issued a warning about presidential
candidates “who have begun to mutter about a press conspiracy”.
Ordinarily, Harwood would simply dismiss these charges as “symptoms of
the media paranoia that quadrennially engulfs members of the American
political class” (*92). But a fatal mistake was made by the mutterers;
they used the “C” word against the PRESS! And Harwood exploded his
off-the-cuff comment into an entire column — ending it with:”We are
the new journalists, immersed too long, perhaps, in the cleansing
waters of political conformity. But conspirators we ain’t”.

Distinguished investigative journalist Morton Mintz, a 29-year veteran
of the Washington Post, now chairs the Fund for Investigative
Journalism. In the December issue of The Progressive, Mintz wrote “A
Reporter Looks Back in Anger — Why the Media Cover Up Corporate
Crime”. Therein he discussed the difficulties in convincing editors to
accept important news stories. He illustrated the article with his own
experiences at the Post, where he says he was known as “the biggest
pain in the ass in the office” (*93).

Would Harwood argue that grief endured by journalists at the hands of editors
is a matter of random coincidence?

And that such policy as Mintz described is made independently by
editors without influence from fellow editors or from management?
Would Harwood have us believe that at the countless office “meetings”
in which news people are ever in attendance, there is no discussion of
which stories will run and which ones will find inadequate space? That
there is no advanced planning for stories or that there are no
cooperative efforts among the staff? Or that in the face of our
news-media “grayout” of presidential candidate Larry Agran, (*94) a
Post journalist would be free to give news space to candidate Agran
equal to that the Post lavishes on candidate Clinton? Let’s face it:
these possibilities are about as likely as Barbara Bush entertaining
guests at a soup kitchen.

Would Harwood have us believe that media critic and former Post
Ombudsman Ben Bagdikian is telling less than the truth in his account
of wire-service control over news: “The largely anonymous men who
control the syndicate and wire service copy desks and the central wire
photo machines determine at a single decision what millions will see
and hear. …there seems to be little doubt that these gatekeepers
preside over an operation in which an appalling amount of press
agentry sneaks in the back door of American journalism and marches
untouched out the front door as ‘news’” (*95).

When he sat on the U.S. District Court of Appeals in Washington, Judge
Clarence Thomas violated U.S. law when he failed to remove himself
from a case in which he then proceeded to reverse a $10 million
judgment against the Ralston Purina Company (*96). Ralston Purina, the
animal feed empire, is the family fortune of Thomas’ mentor, Senator
John Danforth. The Post limited its coverage of the Thomas malfeasance
to 56 words buried in the middle of a 1200-word article (*97). Would
Harwood have us believe that the almost complete blackout on this
matter by the major news media and the U.S. Senate was a matter of
coincidence? Could a Post reporter have written a story about Ralston
Purina if she had wanted to? Can a brick swim?

Or take the fine report produced last September by Ralph Nader’s
Public Citizen. Titled All the Vice President’s Men, it documents “How
the Quayle Council on Competitiveness Secretly Undermines Health,
Safety, and Environmental Programs”. Three months later, Post
journalists David Broder and Bob Woodward published “The President’s
Understudy”, a seven-part series on Vice President Quayle. Although
this series does address Quayle’s role with the Competitiveness
Council, its handling of the Council’s disastrous impact on America is
inadequate. It is 40,000 words of mostly aimless chatter about Quayle
memorabilia: youth, family, college record, Christianity, political
aspirations, intellectual aspirations, wealthy friends, government
associates, golf, travels, wife Marilyn, and net worth — revealing
little about Quayle’s abilities, his understanding of society’s
problems, or his thoughts about justice and freedom, and never
mentioning the comprehensive Nader study of Quayle’s record in the
Bush Administration (*98).

Now, did Broder or did Woodward forget about the Nader study? Or did
both of them forget? Or did one, or the other, or both decide not to
mention it? Did these two celebrated, seasoned Post reporters ever
discuss together their jointly authored stories? Did they decide to
publish such a barren set of articles because it would enhance their
reputations? How did management feel about the use of precious news
space for such frivolity? Is it possible that so many pages were
dedicated to this twaddle without people “acting or working together
toward the same result or goal”? (*99) Do crocodiles fly?

On March 20, front-page headlines in the Wall Street Journal, the New
York Times, USA Today, and the Washington Post read respectively:

TSONGAS DROPPED OUT OF THE PRESIDENTIAL RACE CLEARING CLINTON’S PATH

TSONGAS ABANDONS CAMPAIGN LEAVING CLINTON CLEAR PATH TOWARD SHOWDOWN
WITH BUSH

TSONGAS CLEARS WAY FOR CLINTON

TSONGAS EXIT CLEARS WAY FOR CLINTON

This display of editorial independence should at least raise questions
of whether the news media collective mindset is really different from
that of any other cartel — like oil, diamond, energy, (*100) or
manufacturing cartels, a cartel being “a combination of independent
commercial enterprises designed to limit competition” (*101).

The Washington Post editorial page carries the heading:

AN INDEPENDENT NEWSPAPER

Is it? Of course not. There probably is no such thing. Does the Post
“conspire” to keep its staff and its newspaper from wandering too far
from the safety of mediocrity? The Post would respond that the
question is absurd. In that I am not privy to the Post’s telephone
conversations, I can only speculate on how closely the media elite
must monitor the staff. But we all know how few micro-seconds it takes
a new reporter to learn what subjects are taboo and what are “safe”,
and that experienced reporters don’t have to ask.

What is more important, however, than speculating about how the Post
communicates within its own corporate structure and with other members
of the cartel, is to document and publicize what the Post does in
public, namely, how it shapes and censors the news.

Sincerely,

Julian C. Holmes

Copies to: Public-spirited citizens, both inside and outside the news
media, And - maybe a few others.
Notes to Letter of April 25, 1992:

1. Mark Hosenball, “The Ultimate Conspiracy”, Washington Post,
September 11, 1988, p.C1

2a. Julian Holmes, Letter to Washington Post Ombudsman Richard
Harwood, June 4,1991. Notes that the Post censored, from the
Anderson/Van Atta column, references to the Christic Institute and to
Robert Gates.

2b. Jack Anderson and Dale Van Atta, “Iran-Contra Figure Dodges
Extradition”, Washington Merry-Go-Round, United Feature Syndicate, May
26, 1991. This is the column submitted to the Post (see note 2a)..

2c. Jack Anderson and Dale Van Atta, “The Man Washington Doesn’t Want
to Extradite”, Washington Post, May 26, 1991. The column (see note
2b). as it appeared in the Post (see note 2a)..

3a. Case No. 86-1146-CIV-KING, Amended Complaint for RICO Conspiracy,
etc., United States District Court, Southern District of Florida, Tony
Avirgan and Martha Honey v. John Hull et al., October 3, 1986.

3b. Vince Bielski and Dennis Bernstein, “Reports: Contras Send Drugs
to U.S.”, Cleveland Plain Dealer, November 16, 1986.

3c. Neal Matthews, “I Ran Drugs for Uncle Sam” (based on interviews
with Robert Plumlee, contra resupply pilot)., San Diego Reader, April
5, 1990.

4. Leslie Cockburn, Out of Control. New York: Atlantic Monthly Press,
1987.

5a. Peter Dale Scott and Jonathan Marshall, Cocaine Politics,
University ofCalifornia Press, 1991, p.179-181.

5b. David S. Hilzenrath, “Hill Panel Finds No Evidence Linking Contras
to Drug Smuggling”, Washington Post, July 22, 1987, p.A07.

5c. Partial correction to the Washington Post of July 22, Washington
Post, July 24,1987, p.A3.

5d. The Washington Post declined to publish SubCommittee Chairman
Rangel’s Letter- to-the-Editor of July 22, 1987. It was printed in the
Congressional Record on August 6, 1987, p.E3296-7.

6a. Michael Kranish, “Kerry Says US Turned Blind Eye to Contra-Drug
Trail”, Boston Globe, April 10, 1988.

6b. Mary McGrory, “The Contra-Drug Stink”, Washington Post, April 10,
1988, p.B1. 6c. Robert Parry with Rod Nordland, “Guns for Drugs?
Senate Probers Trace an Old Contra Connection to George Bush’s
Office”, Newsweek, May 23, 1988, p.22.

6d. Dennis Bernstein, “Iran-Contra — The Coverup Continues”, The
Progressive, November 1988, p.24.

6e. “Drugs, Law Enforcement and Foreign Policy”, A Report Prepared by
the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Narcotics, and International Operations
of the Committee on Foreign Relations, United States Senate, December
1988.

7a. Mark Hosenball, “If It’s October … Then It’s Time for an Iranian
Conspiracy Theory”, Washington Post, October 9, 1988, p.D1.

7b. Mark Hosenball, “October Surprise! Redux! The Latest Version of
the 1980 ‘Hostage- Deal’ Story Is Still Full of Holes”, Washington
Post, April 21, 1991,p.B2.

8a. Barbara Honegger, October Surprise, New York: Tudor, 1989.

8b. Gary Sick, October Surprise, New York: Times Books, Random House,
1991.

9a. Abbie Hoffman and Jonathan Silvers, “An Election Held Hostage”,
Playboy, October 1988, p.73.

9b. Robert Parry and Robert Ross, “The Election Held Hostage”,
FRONTLINE, WGBH-TV,April 16, 1991.

10a. Reuter, “Ex-Hostages Seek Probe By Congress”, Washington Post,
June 14,1991,p.A4.

10b. “An Election Held Hostage?”, Conference, Dirksen Senate Office
Building Auditorium, Washington DC, June 13, 1991; Sponsored by The
Fund For New Priorities in America, 171 Madison Avenue, New York, NY,
10016.

11a. David Brown and Guy Gugliotta, “House Approves Inquiry Into
‘OctoberSurprise’”, Washington Post, February 6, 1992, p.A11.

11b. Jack Colhoun, “Lawmakers Lose Nerve on October Surprise”, The
Guardian, December 11, 1991, p.7.

11c. Jack Colhoun, “October Surprise Probe Taps BCCI Lawyer”, The
Guardian, February 26, 1992, p.3.

12. See note 5a, p.180-1.

13a. See note 4, p.229, 240-1.

13b. Report of the Congressional Committees Investigating the
Iran-Contra Affair, Senate Report No. 100-216, House Report No.
100-433, November 1987, p.139-141.

14a. Letter to His Excellency Oscar Arias Sanchez, President of the
Republic of Costa Rica; from Members of the U.S. Congress David
Dreier, Lee Hamilton, Dave McCurdy, Dan Burton, Mary Rose Oakar, Jim
Bunning, Frank McCloskey, Cass Ballenger, Peter Kostmayer, Jim Bates,
Douglas Bosco, James Inhofe, Thomas Foglietta, Rod Chandler, Ike
Skelton, Howard Wolpe, Gary Ackerman, Robert Lagomarsino, and Bob
McEwen; January 26, 1989.

14b. Peter Brennan, “Costa Rica Considers Seeking Contra Backer in
U.S. — Indiana Native Wanted on Murder Charge in 1984 Bomb Attack in
Nicaragua”, WashingtonPost, February 1, 1990.

14c. “Costa Rica Seeks Extradition of Indiana Farmer”, Scripps-Howard
News Service,April 25, 1991.

15. Press Release from the Costa Rican Embassy, Washington DC, On the
Case of the Imprisonment of Costa Rican Citizen John Hull”, February
6, 1989.

16. Brian Glick, War at Home, Boston: South End Press, 1989.

17. John Stockwell, The Praetorian Guard– The U.S. Role in the New
World Order, Boston: South End Press, 1991, p.121.

18. Hearings Before the Committee on Patents, United States Senate,
77th Cong., 2nd Session (1942)., part I, as cited in Joseph Borkin,
The Crime and Punishment of I.G. Farben, New York: The Free Press,
Macmillan, 1978, p.93.

19. R. Jeffrey Smith, “Study of A-Plant Neighbors’ Health Urged”,
Washington Post, July 13, 1990, p.A6.

20. Tom Horton, “A Cost Higher Than the Peace Dividend — Price Tag
Mounts to Clean Up Nuclear Weapons Sites”, Baltimore Sun, February 23,
1992, p.1K.

21. “The Nuclear Industry’s Secret PR Strategy”, EXTRA!, March 1992,
p.15.

22a. Samuel S. Epstein, MD et al, Losing the War Against Cancer: Need
for PublicPolicy Reform”, Congressional Record, April 2, 1992,
p.E947-9.

22b. Samuel S. Epstein, “The Cancer Establishment”, Washington Post,
March 10, 1992.

23a. Hon. Henry B. Gonzalez, “Efforts to Thwart Investigation of the
BNL Scandal”, Congressional Record, March 30, 1992, p.H2005-2014.

23b. Hon. David E. Skaggs (CO)., White House Spin Control on Pre-War
Iraq Policy”, Congressional Record, April 2, 1992, p.H2285.

23c. Nicholas Rostow, Special Assistant to the President and Legal
Adviser, Memorandum to Jeanne S. Archibald et al, “Meeting on
congressional requests for information and documents”, April 8, 1991;
Congressional Record, April 2, 1992,p.H2285.

24a. Michio Kaku, “Operation Desert Lie: Pentagon Confesses”, The

Guardian, March11, 1992, p.4.